Harbour Dock
Water Transportation
Broadly water transportation is divided into two categories:
- Inland water transportation through river or canal or lake.
- Ocean transportation through the ocean.
- Water transportation is the easiest and cheapest transportation. It has a higher load-carrying capacity. It develops economic progress and international contact.
- In counterpart, it is slow speed transportation and a little bit riskier due to storms and hurricanes.
- If an accident occurs like oil spillage, most water species suffered which result in the environmental disturbance.
HARBOUR
A harbour is a partly enclosed protected water area to provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels, seeking refuge, supplies, refuelling, repairs or transfer of cargo.
- This is a haven for ships where they can be moored and sheltered from wind and waves.
- In a harbour, there are many elements such as entrance, approach channel, breakwater, wharves, jetties, locks and dry docks.
Basic Requirement of Harbour :
- It has sufficient depth for the draft of the vessel.
- Breakwater must be provided to protect against destructive waves.
- At the bottom, there should have a sufficient anchorage system to secure the ship against the force of the high wind.
Classification of Harbours :
A. On Basis of Origin
1. Natural Harbour :
- Harbour is protected from storms and waves by the natural configuration of land.
- There are located in bays, tidal estuaries and river mouths.
- Example: New York Harbour in the USA, Mumbai and Poole Harbour in England.
2. Semi Natural Harbour :
- Harbour is protected from storms and waves on one side by natural configuration and another side by artificial configuration.
- Example: Visakhapatnam in India, Plymouth in England.
3. Artificial Harbour :
- Harbour is protected from the effect of waves either by breakwater or by dredging. Madras Harbour is one of the artificial Harbour. Example: Jabel Ali in Dubai (largest).
B. On basis of Utility:
1. Refuse Harbour 2. Commercial Harbour 3. Fishing Harbour 4. Military Harbour
C. On Basis of Location:
1. Sea or Ocean Harbour 2. River or estuary Harbour
3. Canal Harbour 4. Lake Harbour
Selection of Site :
Location of Harbour
- The main function is to provide a sheltered area where vessels can moor.
- Easy accessibility of a Harbour implies a wide and straight approach, the direction of which consider with the direction of currents and the highest waves. Wide entrance is deriable for manoeuvreing.
- The deepwater bay is ideal for harbour locations.
- Rock bottom locations for the port site should be avoided except in unavoidable cases where the rock may be needed for the construction of a dock.
Harbour Layout Elements :
Harbour Size :
- Harbour size depends upon the size and number of ships used at the harbour.
- It also depends upon convenience for manoeuvring and navigation and also on the adaptability of natural features.
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